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How are Google and Microsoft implementing age verification?
From 27 December 2025, all ‘internet search engine services’ operating in Australia will be legally required to comply with Schedule 3 – Internet Search Engine Services Online Safety Code (Class 1C and Class 2 Material) (Code) registered under the Online Safety Act 2021 (Cth) (eSafety Act). The Code, registered by the eSafety Commissioner on 27…
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Appointment of experts by arbitral tribunal
Article 26 (Article 26) of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (Model Law) empowers an arbitral tribunal (Tribunal) to appoint its own expert in a dispute.[1] The expert’s role is to create a report and provide oral testimony. While parties may appoint their own experts, doing so can contravene principles of impartiality and…
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Risks when implementing retrieval-augmented generation systems
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is an artificial intelligence (AI) system architecture that combines large language models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, with external data retrieval processes.
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What is an indemnity clause?
The word indemnity, in its’ legal context, is defined as “legal protection against liabilities arising from one’s actions.” An indemnity clause therefore, represents the contractual embodiment of this definition, serving as a formal mechanism which protects one party from the from the actions or inactions of another. In effect, it enables parties to allocate risk…
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What is the US Take It Down Act?
The Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act (Take It Down Act ) is a United States (US) federal law enacted on 19 May 2025. The Take It Down Act amends 47 U.S. Code § 223 (Code) of the Communications Act 1934 (US) (Communications Act) by establishing new…
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Shareholder oppression – the importance of evidence
The recent Federal Court case of Sharif v Vitruvian Investments PL (No 3) [2023] FCA 920 (Vitruvian Investments) involved allegations of shareholder oppression by Mr Walid Sharif (Mr Sharif/Plaintiff) against Mr Jonathan Gregory (Mr Gregory/Second Defendant), the sole director of Vitruvian Investments Pty Ltd ACN 630 548 846 (Vitruvian/First Defendant).
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Cancellation of shares held to be oppressive
Shareholder oppression occurs when those who control a company use their power in a way that unfairly harms or takes advantage of other (usually minority) shareholders. The Federal Court case of Sharif v Vitruvian Investments PL (No 3) [2023] FCA 920 (Vitruvian Investments) involved a shareholder oppression dispute between Mr Walid Sharif (Mr Sharif/Plaintiff) and…
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Canva – who owns the artwork created by users?
The general rule about ownership of copyright in a literary or artistic work is that copyright vests in the ‘original author’, as per section 35(2) of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Copyright Act). From there, ownership depends on whether or not the original author is doing the work within the scope of their employment, in…
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Introduction to the Trusts Bill 2025 (Qld)
On 1 May 2025, the Trusts Bill 2025 (Qld) (Bill) passed its final reading before the Queensland Parliament and, at the date of this article, awaits royal assent. When in force, the Bill will completely replace the current Trusts Act 1973 (Qld) (Act) to reflect the recommendations of the Queensland Law Reform Commission’s 2013 review of the…
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